Electrical pulse width shaper and selector



ECC., 265, i195@ D. D. GRIEG ELECTRICAL PULSE WIDTH SHAPER ANC SELECTOR 8 Sheets-Sheet l Filed Aug. 19, 1944 8 Sheets-Sheet 2 D. D. GRIEG EN i MGA i 1 l 1 l l E uw ELECTRICAL PULSE WIDTH SHAPER AND SELECTOR Dec.. 26, 1950 Filed Aug. 19, 1944 INVENTOR.

m M /w es; 269 E950 D. D. GRIEG ELECTRICAL PULSE WIDTH SHAPER AND SELECTOR 8 Sheets-Sheet 3 Filed Aug. 19, 1944 Beaz@ E950 D. D. GRn-:G 25359661 ELECTRICAL PULSE WIDTH SHAPER AND SELECTOR Filed Aug. 19, 1944 8 Sheets-Sheet 4 IN VEN TOR. 00A/,4Z 0 D, G/WG BY wf/ff D. D. GRIEG ELECTRICAL PULSE WIDTH SHAPER AND SELECTOR De@ 2&9 E 95@ 8 Sheets-Sheet 5 Filed Aug. 19, 1944 awo INVENTOR. @ONA/.0 D. GR/EG DCC., 26, E95@ D. D. GRIEG ELECTRICAL PULSE WIDTH SHAPER AND SELECTOR 8 Sheets-Sheet 6 Filed Aug. 19, 1944 www JNVENTOR. 00A/H19 D. C19/f6 Dm. 26., 5195@ D. D. @mais ELECTRICAL PULSE WIDTH SHAPER AND SELECTOR 8 Sheets-Sheet '7 Filed Aug. 19, 1944 Dec., 2263? E95@ D. D. GEIE@ 2953599@ EEECTRECAL PULSE WIDTH SHAPER AND SELECTOR Filed Aug. 19, 1944 8 Sheets-Sheet 8 IN VEN TOR.

TTE/VEY Patented ec. 26, 1956 ELECTRICAL PULSE 'WIDTH SHAPER AND SELECTOR Donald D. Grieg, Forest Hills, N. Y., assigner to Federal Telephone and Radio Corporation, New York, N. Y., a corporation of Delaware Application August 19, 1944, Serial No. 550,183

(Cl. Z50- 27) 13 Claims. l

This invention relates to electrical systems and particularly to signaling and control systems such as those adapted to utilize pulses.

An object oi' the present invention is the provision of a single means, common to a transmitter and a receiver, for shaping the pulses to be transmitted to a desired width, and for selecting from received pulses those having said desired width.

A further object of the present invention is the provision of a pulse-width selector which without requiring any tuning will receive pulses of any width, but which when pulses of more than one width are being received operates to select only those pulses nearest the desired width. It thus becomes possible to merely turn on the receiver in order to ascertain if any pulses are being transmitted. If pulses of more than one width within predetermined limits are being transmitted, the receiver will select those of the width nearest the width for which the receiver is tuned 'and reject the others. Any of the other pulse widths may be selectively received by tuning the receiver to the width of the desired pulses.

Another object of this invention is the provision of an improved shaper circuit for reshaping pulses oi' a given width into pulses of a selected width less than said given width.

Another object of the present invention is the provision of an improved combination of a transmitter for shaping pulses to a given width and modulating said pulses with intelligence, and a receiver for selecting pulses of a desired Width and demoduiating said pulses to derive the intelligence represented by said modulation.

Another object of the present invention is the provision of a combination as stated hereinabove in Ywhich the pulses are time modulated with intelligence.

Another object of the present invention is the provision of a combination, as stated hereinabove, in which the pulses are frequency moduu lated with intelligence.

Another object or" the present invention is the provision of a combination, as stated hereinabove, in which the pulses are amplitude modulated with intelligence.

Other and further objects of the present invention will become apparent and the foregoing will be best understood from the following description oi embodiments thereof, reference being had to the drawings, in which:

Fig. l is a schematic diagram of a time modulated pulse communication system embodying this invention;

Fig. 2 is a schematic and block diagram of a" modication of the system illustrated in Fig. 1;;

Figs. 3, 4 and 5, are sets of curves to which# reference is madein describing the operation of. the systems illustrated in Figs. 1 and 2;

Fig. 6 is a schematic and block diagram of ya? frequency modulated pulse communication sys-y tem embodying this invention;

Fig. 7 is a schematic and block diagram 'of an' amplitude modulated pulse communication system embodying this invention;

Fig. 8 is a set of curves to which reference is made in describing the operation of the system; illustrated in Fig. 7; i

Fig. 9 is a schematic diagram of a portion of; a modiiied form of the pulse-width Shaper and selector circuit;

Figs. 10 and 11 are sets of curves to which ref' erence is made in describing the operation of the circuit illustrated in Fig. 9.

It is to be understood that the curves shown. in the drawings are not intended to have an ex-l act quantitative significance, and are only in tended toV have meaning to the extent brought out by the description.

- According to this invention a single means, orl circuit, is provided serving the dual function of, shaping the pulses to betransmitted to a desiredf width and simultaneously selecting received pulses of or nearest said desired width. Said means or circuit may be employed with various types of pulse modulation. The modulation, for; example, may be one of several forms of P. T. M.I (pulse time modulation), or it may be P. F. M.; (pulse frequency modulation), or P. A. M. (pulseamplitude modulation) or any combination of.-

the diierent types of modulation so long as onedoes not interfere with another.

By diferent forms-of P. T. M. modulation, refference is made to single pulse time modula-- tion with respect to a' given time position or some pulse or pulses xed in time position, and variousr forms of double pulse time modulation such as where the successive pulses of a given channel,

In the receiver, the received pulses are detected so as to remove the carrier frequency if a radio link is employed, and are then applied to the width shaper and selector circuit which selects the desired pulses and transmits them to a demodulator. The demodulator translates the time modulation of these pulses into amplitude variations and these amplitude variations are impressed upon a suitable utilization device such as for example a speaker system.

Pulses may be generated and time molulated in any suitable manner. One preferred type of pulse generator and modulator is described in the copending application of Emile Labin and myself, Serial No. 455,897, led August 24, 1942, for Push Pull Modulation System, since issued as U. S. Patent No. 2,416,329. One form of pulse generator and modulator there described and designated herein in Fig. l by the numeral I5, includes an oscillator I6 for producing preferably sinusoidal oscillations 22 as illustrated in curve a, Fig. 3. The sine wave 22 may have a frequency equal to one half the repetition frequency of the pulses to be generated. The sine wave 22 is then fed through a cusper circuit l1 which serves to translate it into pulses and at the same time provides for time modulation of the pulses.

The cusper l1 includes a transformer i8 having a primary i9 connected to the output of oscillator I6. The transformer I8 has two secondary coils 2U and 2| coupled to the control grids of two vacuum tubes 2d and 25 respectively in push-pull arrangement similar to a full wave rectifier. The cusper ampliiies and, in effect, full wave recties the sine wave 22 of curve a, Fig. 3, to obtaina cusper wave 29, curve b, Fig. 3.

The modulation of the cusper wave is produced by applying the signal intelligence derived from asource 34 to primary coils 35 on transformer IB. While rectification of these waves may be symmetrical relative to zero axis 26, it is shown for purposes of illustration as being offset by different biasing potentials 32 and 33. This gives the effectof an offset axis 28 about which modula-l tion takes place. The signal intelligence operates, in effect, to vary the sine wave 22 of curve a relative to its offset-axis 28 as regards the full wave rectification. This relative variation between the wave and. the zero axis thereof is illustrated in curve a of Fig. 3 by the upper and lower modulation limits 26 and 3U. When the input signal varies the relative relation between the offset axis 28 and the sine wave as indicated by limit 30, the cusper wave, for example, is displaced as shown by the broken line 3l, and when varied to the opposite limit 2G, it is displaced as shown by line 21, curve b, Fig. 3. It will be observed that the signal wave thus varies the time positions of the cusps in push-pull manner toward and away from each other thereby decreasing or increasing the time interval between successive cusps.

- The output of tubes 24 and 25 is fed to a gate clipper and amplifier 31. The clipper of device 31 may be of any well-knownform, such as a double diode clipper, that clips the cusps between levels 38 and 39, curve b, Fig. 3, to thereby produce base pulses which when amplified appear as shown in curve c. Of course, it is to be understood that by adjusting the gate clipper, the limit levels may be varied so as to obtain a base pulse of a lesser or greater width. It is preferred that the width of the base pulse thus produced be greater than any pulse width which is to be transmitted.

The output of the device 31 may then be fed through a multiple-type switch 4G, to a width shaper and selector circuit 4l.

To translate the base pulses shown in curve c of Fig. 3, into pulses of the desired width, the base pulses are impressed upon a resonant circuit 42, said resonant circuit comprising a capacitance 43 and an inductance de. Either the capacitance 43 or the inductance M, or both, may be made variable to enable tuning of said circuit to a desired frequency. Said resonant circuit is tuned to a frequency having a period equal to twice the period of the desired pulse width.

It is desirable that an impedance be placed in series with the resonant circuit 42 which is relatively high in comparison with the impedance offered by said circuit so that the potential of the pulses impressed across the resonant circuit will not be great enough in relation to the potentials developed by the free oscillations of said circuit to nullify the latter. The impedance may consist in part of an electron tube 45, preferably one of the high impedance type such as for example, a tetrode.

rlhe resonant circuit 42 is arranged in the anode circuit of tube 45 with one end 66 of said resonant circuit connected to the anode 41 and the other end 43 of said resonant circuit connected in series with an impedance @.9 to a point 50 which is connected to a source of anode potential.

Tube 45 and its associated circuit is a known limiting circuit which serves to assure that all pulses impressed upon the resonant circuit 42 will not exceed a certain amplitude, indicated by broken line 5l, curve c, Fig. 3. The incoming base pulses shown in curve c, Fig. 3, are impressed, through tube 45 inverted as shown by curve d on the resonant circuit @2, the leading and trailing edges of said pulses tending to produce damped oscillations in said circuit. Means such as are next described may be provided for damping out or substantially critically damping certain selected undulations of said damped oscillations.

An electron tube B5 is arranged in shunt across said resonant circuit 42 with its anode 6G connectedto end i6 of said circuit and its cathode 61 connected to the other end 48. The control grid 68 of said tube is connected through grid resistor 69 to point 5t, grid resistor 69 being shunted by the usual grid condenser 1G. Grid 68 is also connected to ground through a resistor 1i shunted by a condenser 12.

Referring now to Fig. 3, it will be seen that when positive pulses such as shown in curve c are impressed upon the grid 54 of tube d5, pulses of opposite polarity, shown in curve d, will be applied to `end 55 of resonant circuit 52. The potential on grid 62, with respect to cathode 61 shown in curve e will be positive for the entire duration of each of the pulses of curve c. The leading edge of each of the pulses appearing at end 45 will shock-excite said resonant circuit into oscillation thereby producing undulations. At the first undulation 13, curve f, the anode 65 of tube 65 will be negative so that despite the positive voltage on grid 68, tube S5 will not conduct and a negative pulse will be delivered as output. After the undulation 13 has been produced in resonant circuit 42, the potential across said circuit reverses and tends to form undulations M, etc., shown in dotted lines in curve f. However, the grid 68 of tube 65 is positive and when the potential across the resonant circuit reverses, anodei of the ,tube

65 likewise becomes positive and tube 65 conducts. The conduction of tube B serves to dampout undulation 'lll so that instead of undulation 14, a slight ripple 'l5 (curve b) may be produced. It is preferred that the pulses impressed on grid 54 of tube 45 be of greater width than the width of any of the pulses to be produced by the width Shaper circuit. Therefore when the trailing edge of the pulses impressed on grid 54 arrives, undulation 'i3 has already been produced, and the energy tending to form undulatio-n 14 is being damped out through tube 65. The effects of said trailing edge which would also tend to impress a positive voltage on anode 65 of tube 65 are also damped out through the conduction of tube 65.

rSince the width of the pulse 'i3 depends upon the tuning of the resonant circuit i2 it will be apparent that by tuning said circuit pulses of vari'- ous widths may be produced, for example, a narrower pulse i6, curve f, 3, may be obtained by tuning said resonant circuit to a frequency greater than the frequency to which it was tuned to produce pulse i3. Likewise, pulse 'Il will be produced if said resonant circuit is tuned to a frequency less than the frequency at which pulse 'I3 was obtained.

The width Shaper and selector circuit 4| also includes a limit clipper 'i8 and a peak-follower threshold clipper i9, Fig. l. The limit clipper l5 may be of any known variety and preferably has means for varying the level at which the clipping is produced. The grid e3 of tube 04 is biased close to cut-olf so that the tube will not pass the tips 88 of the pulses extending beyond level 89 as shown in curve f, Fig. 3. By varying the bias applied to grid 39, the level 89 may be varied. For example, a tapped potentiometer 85 with its resistance connected to a source of biasing potential may be used for this purpose.

The pulses 9i delivered by limiter circuit '13 will thus appear as illustrated in curve g, Fig. 3. The pulses 9| are substantially rectangular and -have the desired pulse width. It will be noticed, however, that the ripple 'l5 is not eliminated. In the peak-follower threshold clipper 79, this ripple disappears and a rectangular pulse form remains. In the peak-follower threshold clipper 19, pulses 9| are fed through a switch 93 and a condenser 94 to the grid 95 of an electron-discharge tube 96. The grid circuit includes a resistor 9'! and a biasing resistor 98, the latter being shunted by the usual by-pass condenser S9. The anode |0| of tube 96 is connected through the usual load resistor N32 to the positive end |93 of a source of potential having its negative end connected to ground and through ground back to the cathode |00 through resistor 98. Potentials developed across resistor |e2 are delivered as output to the next stage.

The operation of such peak-follower threshold clippers is understood in the art. Therefore, only a brief description will be given. When a positive potential, such as a pulse 9| is applied to side |04 of condenser Sil, grid current will flow charging side lili positively and side 95 negatively. Thus a negative potential will be applied to the grid 95, this potential being proportional to the value of the pulse applied. The time constant of condenser Se and its associated resistors is such that the condenser will lose its charge relatively slowly. Thus assuming that the first pulse of curve g is the first pulse applied to condenser 94, the charge on condenser 9ct will rise to a level such as that indicated by the broken line |02. The charge will remain at this level as only a small quantity (iii of the charge will be dissipated during the inter vals between pulses, and this will be replenished by each succeeding pulse.

The effect of the charge on condenser 94 is to maintain a cut-off bias on tube 96 at the level designated by broken line |06, curve g, Fig. 3. Therefore, only the portions |01 of pulses 9| which appear above said level will be passed by said tube 96 and delivered as output. It will be therefore seen that the function of the peak-follower threshold clipper 19 is to clip o a xed amount from the top of each of the incoming pulses regardless of the amplitude of such pulses.

lf pulses of lesser amplitude than the level designated by numeral E06 incurve g occur between pulses 9|, said lesser pulses would not appear in the output because of the clipping level. It will, therefore, be seen that the peak-follower clipper serves to separate pulses of diierent am-r plitudes and to select only those pulses having greater amplitudes. As will be explained hereinafter, the position of level |05 varies with the amplitude of the pulses received so that if all the pulses received are of smaller amplitude than the pulses shown in curve g, the level |08 will be proportionately, lower. But since the level will be lower, the tips of these latter pulses, despite their lesser amplitude, will be passed to the output. It will thus be seen that the clipping level tends to be proportioned to the level of the pulses of maximum amplitude present, regardless of whether said maximum amplitude is in absolute terms large or small.

If common line transmission is to be employed, the output of the peak and follower clipper i9 may be directly delivered to the line, or applied through amplifiers thereto. If, however, the transmission is to be accomplished through a radio link, said output is delivered through the switch 40 to a radio frequency translator H0 where it is impressed with a carrier frequency, curve i, Fig. 3, and from thence through switch 0 to an antenna system l I.

While I have shown the pulses as being both fi generated and modulated in pulse generator and modulator i5, it is to be understood, of course, that such modulation may be accomplished, after the pulses have been shaped in width Shaper and selector circuit (il, by a modulator incorporated in the R. F. translator H9. The source of the electrical signal 3d, maybe connected by means of jack ||2 to the radio frequency translator and produce time modulations of the pulses in said translator.

Circuit 5| not only functions as a width Shaperas has been explained hereinbefore, but also serves to select pulses of the desired width. If common line transmission is used, the incoming pulses may be directly applied to said circuit or applied thereto through an amplifier.

In the case of a radio link, an antenna system which may be the same antenna system l used for transmission may also be employed for reception. Such double use of the antenna system is likely to be especially desirable with portable transmitting and receiving systems. The circuit illustrated in Fig. 1 is particularly adapted for such portable use.

Assuming that pulses of various widths are received as illustrated in curve j, Fig. 4, these pulses are preferably passed through a carrier frequency amplifier and detector H3 leaving only the envelope of the pulses as shown in curve k. The output of amplifier and detector ||3 is preferably in the form of pulses negative with respectv 7. to ground, as shown by the curve 7c, this output being delivered to the width Shaper and selector circuit 4| through switch d. It will be noted that while the pulses to be shaped were of positive polarity with respect to ground (curve c, Fig. 3), the pulses to be selected are of negative polarity (curve le, Fig. 4).

It isV preferred that the gain of the amplifier and detector H3 be such that the pulses which are to be selected (curve 7c, Fig. 4) should be of less amplitude than the pulses which are to be shaped (curve c, Fig. 3). The pulses which are delivered to the input of the width Shaper and selector circuit Ll! are impressed through tube 45 on resonant circuit 2. It is preferred that the impressed pulses be of constant amplitude. For this purpose suitable means may be provided in the amplifier and detector H3, or this may be accomplished by means of the limiting action of tube L35 and its associated circuit. For this purpose it may be necessary to vary the level at which said tube limits when shifting from transmission to reception. Where for example, occasional pulses of unusually large amplitude like pulse I4, curve lc, Fig. 4, are delivered to tube 45, it may be desirable to adjust the circuit associated with said tube to provide limiting action at the level H5, curve la, to assure obtaining pulses of constant amplitude.

The received pulses, the envelopes of which are shown in curve lc, may include, for example, pulses H4, HS, il?, HS, and |59 which are of the desired width, as well as pulse |23 which is three times the desired width, pulse |2| which is twice the desired width and pulse |22 which is half the desired pulse width. These pulses being negative, as shown by curve lc of Fig. 4 will appear as positive pulses at point 46, as shown in curve L of Fig. 4, and will produce negative voltages in pulse form on grid 53 with respect to cathode El (curve m) corresponding in width to the received pulses.

It will be remembered that in order to shape the pulses to be transmitted to a desired width, resonant circuit 62 was tuned to a frequency having a period equal to twice said desired width. Thus the leading edge of the pulses to be transmitted produced by shock-excitation oscillations of the resonant circuit in which each half cycle had a period or width equal to the desired width.

When it is desired that the receiver be tuned to select pulses of the same width as is transmitted, no adjustment of the resonant circuit 42 is necessary and the circuit is kept tuned to the same frequency, that is, a frequency having a period equal to twice the period of the desired width.

The leading edges oi the pulses H6, and i6 through |2| will all shock-excite resonant circuit 42 into oscillation. More specically, the leading edge of pulse ii@ will'produce a positive undulation |25 (curve n) which is the first half cycle of the damped oscillations of circuit t2. The next undulation would tend to be a negative undulation |21 of lesser amplitude because of the inherent damping of the circuit. The beginning of undulation I2? would occur at the time of the arrival of the trailing edge of pulse i |53. This trailing edge tends to produce an undulation |23. The effects which tends to produce undulations |27 and |28 combined to produce an undulation |29 of relatively large amplitude.

, The negative undulation |29 tends to be followed by a positive undulation |30 of lesser amplitude. But it will be noted that after the trail- 8. ing edge of'pulse ||6 has passed, the grid 5l of tube l5 becomes less negative, tube 45 conducts. and there is a current flow across resistor 49. Therefore a positive potential is applied to grid 5S of tube 65, and said tube will conduct at any time after .the trailing edge of pulse HG has passed, provided a positive voltage is applied to its anode 66. -At the end of undulation |29, such positive voltage is applied to anode 56, and tube 'therefore conducts and substantially damps out any further oscillations in circuit d2. Pulses lili, Hl, ||8 and ||9 which are of the desired width, will all produce the same effects.

Undulations |26 and |29 then pass through the limit clipper 18. It is preferred that the level 89A at which said clipper operates should be greater than the peak of undulation |29, so that no limit clipping occurs. However, if the negative undulations produced by the received pulses are ofy greater amplitude than the level S53, it may be desirable when changing over from transmission to reception to shift said level in order to prevent clipping of these undulations. This shift may be accomplished by an adjustment of potentiometer S5 in the limit clipper 78.

The polarity of the pulses is reversed in the limit clipper i8 so that at the output of clipper' 'I8 the pulses appear as shown in curve o, Fig. 4.

These pulses are then passed through the peakl lines in curve n. The resultant oscillation produced will consist of a positive undulation |35 and a negative undulation |36. The negative undulation v|36 will be of very small amplitude in comparison with negative undulation |29 produced by a pulse of the selected width. The small amplitude of undulation |38 is due to the out of phase relations of undulations |33 and i3d, and

may also be partially due to loss of energy throughl conduction of shunt tube 65 which tends to rapidly damp undulation |33. Since it is the negative undulations of curve n which are clipped in the peak-follower threshold clipper '19 and since negative undulation |36 is of insufcient amplitude to be clipped, said undulation will have no effect on the output. Thus it will be seen that a pulse which is of less than the selected width will be eliminated.

Pulses of greater than the selected width will,4

likewise be eliminated since their negative undulations will be of lesser amplitude than undulation |29. For example, |2|, curve k, Fig. 9, is twice the selected width. The leading edge o pulse |2| produces a positive undulation |136 followed by a negative undulation ill! which tends to be followed by another positive undulation |42 shown in dotted lines, curve n. But at the end of undulation iii, the trailing edge of pulse :22| intervenes tending to produce a negative undulation |fl3. The resultant is a slight negative undulation |42. It will be noted that negative undulation |4| is of considerably less amplitude than negative undulation |29 produced by pulse l I6 oi the selected width. Therefore, undulation |4| will be eliminated in the peak-follower clipper i9.,

` undulation I4 I.

Pulses having a width which is an odd multiple of the selected width will produce negative undulations greater than those produced by even multiples but of less amplitude than the undulations produced by pulses of the selected width. For example, pulse |29, curve lc, Fig'. 4, has' a width equal to three times the selected width. The leading edge of said pulse produces positive undulation |45, negative undulation |49, and positive undulation |59. Positive undulation |53 tends to be followed by a negative undulation |541 shown in dotted lines, curve n. It will be noted that negative undulation II is of considerably less amplitude than negative undulation I49'due to the damping of the circuit. The trailing edge of pulse |29 tends to produce an undulation Undulations |5I, |52 add to produceundulation |53. But since undulati'on I5! is of lesser amplitude than undulation M9, or the corresponding; undulation |27 produced by pulse I I 5, undulation |53 will be of lesser amplitude than undulatio-n v |29. Consequently undulation |53 will be of inm suflicient amplitude to be clipped by the peakfollower clipper 79. It will therefore be seen that while pulses of a width equal to an odd multiple of the selected width will produce undulations having greater amplitude than those produced by even multiples of said selected width, the aforesaid undulations will still be of lesser amplitude than those produced by pulses ci the selected width.

From the foregoing it will be seen thatpulses of the selected width will be translated into negative undulations of maximum amplitude andl that 'pulses of other widths will produce negative undulations of lesser amplitude. Thisfvariation in amplitude of the negative undulations produced tends to vary sinusoidally Awith varying deviations from the selected pulse width. j

This is illustrated in Fig. 5 where the amplitude of the negative undulations produced is plotted along the Y axis against the width of the pulses along the X axis. Point p1 represents the selected width, point 702 twice the selected width, point p3 three times the selected width, etc. It will be seen that the maximum amplitude'occurs at p1. It will be noted that on both sides of p1, the amplitude declines sinusoidally. At point p2 the amplitude of the negative undulations is at a minimum. Itvthen increases from p2 to ps until at ps, which is the rst odd multiple of p1, there occurs another peak. The peak at p3 is less than the peak at p1 because of the damping occurring in resonant circuit lll. The same variation is again repeated with the new peak at p5 which is lesser in'amplitude than peak p3;

When pulses of the selected width, such as pulses Iii and I I6 through I I9 are being received, the undulations |29 produced by such pulses will have the amplitude indicated in curve n and will be clipped at the level indicated by broken line |06, curve o. If such pulsesvare not being received, then the level at which the peak-follower threshold clipper operates will varyand will be v of a value generally determined by the maximum amplitude of the undulations present. -This-` is lillustrated in curve q, Fig. Ll, which represents ent. Numeral |55 designates the clipping level.

It will be seen that this level rises from zero value to a given value at vundulation |49 and toa greater value at undulation |53. vrlhus the peaks of undulations |li9 and |53 will be clipped and delivered as output as willfalso vbe --the peak of From"the'foregoing it will be seen that when pulses of the selected width are being received, pulses of other widths will be eliminated inthe width shaper and selector circuit 4I. In the ab- 5 sence of pulses of the selected width, other pulses will be received and transmitted through said circuit 4|. Furthermore the resonant circuit 42 may be tuned to shape and select pulses of any desired width within the limits imposed'byth'e i0 parameters lof the system.

A xed level threshold clipper |56 may .be .used in place of the peak-follower threshold clipper-119. With such a clipper, the clipping level IIlI would be xed so that only the vpositive undulations l5 shown in curve o which' have a greater amplitude than level |05 would be accepted. Sincetsuch lundulations are only produced by pulses of' substantially the selected width, it will be obvious that by using a xed clipper |56 only pulses of the selected width'would be received and inthe absence of such pulses of the selected width, vno other pulses would be received. With this arrangement, it becomes possible by a single adjustment of resonant circuit 42 to select the width g5 of the pulses to be transmitted and by the same operation limit the receiver to receiving only vpulses of said selected width. This arrangement. therefore, provides for single channel transmission and reception at any one time and differs from the arrangement using the peak-follower clipper in that when the latter is employed, 'the reception may be multi-channel. The output' of the width' Shaper and selector circuit 4I, which includes theclippersv 'I8 and'19,

and alternativelyV clipper'I'SG, isV delivered tot a demodulatorcircuit |51 (Fig. 1). This output is applied'to the c'ontrl grid ofthe demodulator tube IBI and causes tuned circuit |13 connected to thescreen grid of the tube, to'oscillateat `a i0 desired frequency'producing in the output circuit of tube I 6I a v'combined'wave in the form of""a combination of the wave generated in the circuit |73 and the incoming pulses. The circuit |13 is preferably'tuned to someharmonic of the cadence l5 frequency of the pulses when they are unmodulated, so that as the pulses are time-displaced due to modulation signals, lthe outputv pulses'of tube IGI will be raised to'diferent levels depending upon their time displacement. Accordingly,

in the output of tube IGI there will appear-a lmodulation envelope of pulses carryingf signal modulationsv according to the amplitude measurements thereof; For a further understanding of the principles' of this type of modulaton'reference may lbe had to the copending application of DD. Grieg, Serial Number 459,959, led September 2'8, 1942, now Patent No; 2,416,306, issued February 25, 1947.'

A low pass lterI'IB is provided to by-pass the 00 'high frequency pulse components and pass on the modulation frequencies that dene the signal envelope.

From the foregoing description it will be seen :thatI havel provided a" pulse time modulation 66- system including a single', common width shap'er and selector circuit'4I' which serves not' only to shape the pulses to be" transmitted to a desired width but also serves to select received pulses of j said desired width. i

In the embodiment shown in Fig. 1, a multiple type switch fill is employed'to connect the trans- .mitter or the receiver to the width shaper and v selector -circuit 4I and is likewise used toconnect either the transmitter or receiver to the antenna 75. system I II. Instead of a switch, however, other 1 detector H3.

- translator modulator --mixer stage in the carrier frequency amplifier -and detector :rier' frequency amplifier and detector blocked so that no pulses are impressed upon the grid of tube 292. S no interference will occur in the width Shaper and selector circuit 4| and the distributor 2| 0 'arsenaal .devices may be used which will permanently con- .neet both the transmitter and receiver to the :grid shaper and selector circuit 4| without the necessity of manipulation.

-too high for conveniently using hybrid coils, an

electronic mixer circuit and an electronic distrib- 'utor circuit may be used to connect both the transmitter and receiver'to circuit 4|.

` A. preferred embodiment utilizing electronic lmixer and distributor circuits is illustrated in vFig.2. The output of pulse generator and modu- :lator |5 is delivered to the grid of tube 20| of a mixer stage 200. The mixer stage also includes another tube 232 whose grid is in turn connect- Ted with the output of the carrier frequency amplier and detector ||3. It will thus be seen that g.

'the pulses to be shaped are impressed upon tube 20| and the received pulses from Which selection is to be made according to pulse width is im- ;.pressed upon tube 282. The anodes of tubes 26| :and 282 are connected together and to the width Shaper and selector circuit 4|. Because of the arrangement of the mixer 200 there will be no Areaction between the pulse generator and modulator 5, and the carrier frequency amplier and To insure against such reaction `through the interelectrode capacities of tubes 20| and 202, such tubes are preferably of the type having high internal impedance such as tetrodes.

The output of the width Shaper and selector tubes 2| l and 2| 2. The negative feed-back serves to produce a more linear and stable operation. .The output of the width shaper and selector cir- .g cuit 4| is applied to the grids of tubes 2| and 2 l2.

The potential developed across the cathode resistor 253 is delivered to the radio-frequency It Will therefore be seen tor 2|, no inter-reaction will occur between the R. F. translator H0 and the demodulator $51.

The output of the R'. F. translator l0 is fed through a coupler 22B to the antenna. system l. 'The pulses received by the antenna system -are fed back through said coupler to the input of the carrier frequency amplifier and detector -A blocking voltage generator 225, synchronized with pulses produced in the pulse generator and I5, supplies blocking voltages to a ||3 so that whenever pulses are being impressed upon the grid of tube 20! by the pulse generator and modulator I5. the car- |I3 is It will therefore be seen that between pulses that are to be transmitted and pulses that are received.

With the arrangement shown in Fig. 2 the f width Shaper and selector circuit 4| is connectboth to the transmitter and-'to the receiver and no manipulation is necessary to switch from one to the other. If, however, the carrier fre- Hl'l while the potentials developed across the cathode resistor 2|4 are delivered to `the demodulator |51. that because of the arrangement of the distribuquency amplifier and detector has too'high a gain so that the received pulses are of the same amplitude as the pulses to be transmitted, it may be advisable to change the bias and level of operation of the limit clipper 'F8 which forms part of the width shaper and selector circuit 4i (see Fig. l). For this purpose, the potentiometer 85 may be adjusted from one tap to another. Ordinarily, however, if the gain of the carrier frefe quency amplifier and detector i i3 is properly adjusted, such change will be unnecessary.

As stated hereinbefore my invention is also applicable to frequency-modulated pulse systems and one such system embodying my invention is :l illustrated in Fig. 6. Any suitable means may be employed for generating and frequencynodulat ing the pulses. One suitable form is shown by way of example as including a blocking oscillator 229. The time constant of condenser 234 and its associated resistances is chosen so that'a charge builds up on said condenser which ner odically blocks conduction of the tube 23%. When this charge leaks off, the tube will again start to oscillate. By applying a modulating voltage in series with the grid 235 of tube 23C the time at which tube 230 will again begin to conduct after having been blocked by the potential on condenser 234 may be varied. Thus the output of the blocking oscillator will consist of pulses which are frequency modulated in accordance with the signal energy.

This output may then be fed through a multiple switch 245 to a width Shaper and selector 4| to shape the pulses to the selected width, and through the R. F. translator Il!! to the antenna system The pulses received by the antenna system are fed to the carrier frequency amplifier and detector H3, thence through width shaper and selector circuit 4| to an integrating circuit 25!) of any known type which will translate the frequency-modulated pulses into amplitude-modulated energy. The output of the integrating circuit 250 may then be fed through an amplifier 25| to the utilization device, which may be for example, a speaker 51T or any other indicating device.

This invention is also applicable to amplitude modulated pulse systems. One form of amplitude modulated pulse system embodying my invention is illustrated in Fig. 7 and its operation is described in connection with the curves of Fig. 8.

Referring to Fig. 7, pulses may be generated by any suitable means such as, for example, a multivibrator 252. The pulses are then fed through the width shaper and selector circuit il where they are shaped to the desired width. They are next fed through switch 4E] to a pulse amplitude modulator 253 which may be of any known type. The pulses are then amplitude-modulated in accordance with the signal and delivered to a radio frequency translator 254 whose output is in turn fed to the antenna system Amplitude modulated pulses which are received in antenna system are fed through switch D to the carrier frequency amplifier and detector i I3. The output of said amplifier detector |3 is separated into two different channels. It is preferred that the output of carrier frequency amplier and detector |53 consist of negative pulses with respect to ground. One portion of said output is fed to the width Shaper and selector circuit 4|.

Assuming that the received pulses consists of pulses of various widths and amplitudes such as shown in curve aa of Fig. 8, these pulses will be limit-clipped along the line 255 by tube 45 of the width shaper and selector circuit 4 l. Thus 'a series of positive pulses, such as shown in curve bb of Fig. 8, of equal amplitude but of different widths, will be applied to the resonant circuit 42 of the Width shaper and selector circuit lil. Assuming that pulses 258, 257 and 258 of curve bb are of the selected width, undulations such as those shown in curve cc of Fig. 8 Will be produced by resonant circuit 42. These are clipped along the level 265 in the peak-follower threshold clipper 7S thus delivering as the output of the Width shaper and selector circuit 4i negative pulses 259, 25B and 265i, curve del, Fig. 8, each of which begins at the trailing edge of its corresponding pulse 256, 357 and 258 of curve bb. It will thus be seen that these pulses are delayed for a time T1 equal to the Width of any of the pulses 258, 257 or 258.

Pulses 2M and 2st of curve bb which are pulses of other than the selected width, will be suppressed within the width shaper and selector circuit 4i. The output of the width shaper and selector circuit 4i is fed to a mixer stage 264 which includes a threshold clipper.

The positive pulses shown in curve aa which are the output of the carrier frcouency amplifier and detector H3 are fed not only to the width shaper and selector circuit 4l but also to a width Shaper and selector circuit 255. Circuit 256 is similar to that oi circuit 4i but does not include the clipper stages 78 and 79. Moreover the constants of the circuit including tube 45 are such that no limiting action is produced. Thus when the pulses shown in curve aa are impressed on the circuit 288, the resonant circuit of said Width shop-er and selector will oscillate producing undulations such as shown in curve ee. It is to be remembered that the input of circuit 286 consists of pulses varying in Width as well as in amplitude. Pulses having the desired width will tend to produce greater negative undulations than pulses having other widths. The voltages shown in curve ee are fed into the mixer stage in clipper 254 where they are added to the voltages shown in curve dd. They are then threshold-clipped along level 287 to thereby derive pulses 258, 259 and 2l@ which vary in amplitude in accordance with their original amplitude varia-tions.

By adding the output of the Width shaper and selector circuit Iii which consists solelv of pulses of the desired Width to the output of width Shaper and selector circuit 265 which includes pulses both oi the desired Width and other Widths, but which latter circuit tends to discriminate in amplitude in favor of pulses of the desired Width, the pulses of the desired width are given a sufncient additional amplitude so that they may be distinguished or separated by the threshold clipper from pulses having other Widths.

Circuit 2555 not only serves, as stated hereinbefore, to discriminate in favor of pulses of the desired width but also serves to produce a time delay equal to T1 for the negative undulations as shown in curve ce, the seme as in circuit 4 l. Thus pulse 259, and its corresponding negative undulation of curve ce occur at the same time, and therefore can be added in the mixer stage.

Pulses 2F58, 289 and 27S are then fed through an integrating device 27! to the utilization device fill as explained in connection with Fig. 1.

From the foregoing it will be seen that l. have provided a pulse amplitude modulation system embodying a width shaper and selector circuit which lscommon to both the. transmitter and receiver and which when tuned to shape a transmitter pulse to a certain Width Will also serve to select a received pulse of said certain width.

5 A modified form of the Width Shaper and sejlector circuit is illustrated in Fig. 9. This circuit is similar to that described in the co-pending application of Emile Labin and myself, led May 15, i943, Serial Number ll87,072, now Patent No. 2,440,278, issued on April 27, 1948, for "Pulse Selecting and Eliminating System. The circuit illustrated in Fig. 9 differs from that illustrated in Fig. l in the following respects.

The connection of anode @l and the connection of the source of positive potential to the circuit consisting of resonant circuit l2 and resistor 49 are reversed. That is, anode i? is connected to point 58 and the source of positive potential is connected to end i6 of the resonant circuit 42. The output is taken off the cathode 8l of shunt tube 85 instead of off its anode. With this arrangement, no bias is required on grid 58 of the shunt tube. The operation of this circuit is similar to that of Width Shaper and selector circuit di, and will be described with reference to Figs. lo and 11.

When the circuit oi Fig. 9 is to be used as a Shaper the pulses supplied thereto are preferably negative pulses, curve jy', Fig. l0. These produce positive potentials, curve on anode 47 which are in turn applied through resistor 49 to end 43 of resonant circuit 43. Thereupon resonant circuit 42 oscillates, producing positiveI undulations, curve LL which are clipped at the levels 89 and E88 respectively by limit clipper 78 and peak-follower threshold clipper 78, to thereby produce pulses of the selected width. No negative undulations are produced in curve LL because shunt tube 85 will conduct when its cathode becomes negative.

For Width selection purposes, positive pulses are supplied to the input of the crcuit of Fig. 9, .curve mm, Fig. 1l. rIhe potentials impressed on end i8 oi resonant circuit i2 by these pulses are 45 negative, curve mi. The leading and trailing edges of the pulses shock-excite resonant circuit 42 to produce undulations, curve oo.

then clipped between the levels 88 and E85 to thereby select pulses oi the desired Width, it being 50 understood that the positive undulations, pro,-

duced by pulses having` Widths other than the desired width, will be of lesser amplitude than those produced by pulses of the desired Width. 'Shunt tube 85 becomes ready to conduct vat any 55 time after the trailing edge of a pulse has passed and will conduct when a negative potential is applied to cathode iii. This negative potential appears after the positive undulations of curve oo and the consequent conduction oi tube 65 critically damps the energy in resonant circuit 42. It Will therefore be seen that the circuit of Fg. 9 may be used as a pulse width Shaper and selector cir-cuit in place of the circuit of'Fig 1,

in any or the systems disclosed. But, in such case,

the'polarities of the pulses applied to the input are reversed. `1

While I have described my invention in detail and several applications thereof, .it will be readily apparent that my invention is of broader scope than the speciiic types illustrated. Additional applications of my invention will be apparent to those versedin the art. For examplel have shown my invention in' connection with only diie type of time-modulated pulse system. Obviously,

75 it4 may be used with various other types of time These `are modulation as well as other types of frequency and amplitude modulation than those herein illustrated. I have herein shown two specic. arrangements for the width selector circuit. It is, of course, to be understood that the specic arrangements of these may also be varied in View or" the teachings herein. Accordingly, while have described above, the principles of my invention in connection with specific embodiments, it is to ce clearly understood that this description is made only by way of example and not as a limitation on the scope of my invention.

I claim:

l. In a system for selecting wave energy pulses of diiierent widths, means for translating pulses oi various widths into pulses oi various amplitudes, pulse amplitude discriminating means, and mea-ns responsive to the pulses of greater amplitude for causing said pulse amplitude discriminating means to select the pulses of greater amplitude to the exclusion of pulses of lesser amplitude.

2. In a wave energy pulse receiver, means for translating pulses of diierent widths into pulses of dierent amplitudes, said translating means eing adapted to translate pulses of a selected width into pulses of greater amplitude, means for selecting pulses according to their amplitudes, and means responsive to said pulses of greater amplitude for causing said selecting means to select said pulses of greater amplitude to the eX- clusion of pulses of other amplitudes.

3. In a system for selecting wave energy pulses of different widths, means for translating pulses of various widths into pulses of Various amplitudes, said translating means being adjustable to translate pulses of a desired width into pulses of the greater amplitude and pulses of other widths into amplitudes approximately corresponding to their proximity to said selected width, amplitude discriminating means, and means responsve to the pulses of the greater amplitude present for causing said amplitude discriminating means to select said pulses oi the greater am plitude present to the exclusion of pulses of lesser amplitude.

4. In a system for selecting Wave energy pulses of different Widths, means for translating pulses of various widths into pulses of various amplitudes, said translating means being adjustable to translate pulses of a desired Width into pulses of the greater amplitude, and a peak following threshold clipper, having means responsive to the amplitude of the pulses from said translating means for varying its cl'pping level, to select pulses of the greater amplitude present.

5. In a system for selecting wave energy pulses of a given width, means for translating pulses of different widths into pulses of dierent amplitudes, said translating means being adapted to translate pulses of said given width into pulses of the greater amplitude and pulses of other widths int-e amplitudes approximately correspending in magnitude to their proximity to said given Width or an odd multiple thereof.' and a pea-k following threshold clipper, having means responsive to the amplitude the pulses from said translating means for varying its clipping level, to select pulses of the greater amplitude present.

6, In a system for selecting wave energy pulses of diiferent widths, means for translating pulses of various widths into undulations of various ampl'tudes, said translating means including a shock-excitable resonant circuit including tuning ill':

means,."means for applying said pulses to said circuit to shock-excite Said circuit into damped oscillations, said resonant circuit being tuned to a frequency having a period equal to twice the period of the desired pulse width to thereby translate pulses oi said desired width into undulations ol greater amplitude, and peak following threshold clipper, having means responsive to the amplitude oi the undulations from said translating means :for varying its clipping level, to select undulations of the greater amplitude present.

In a system for selecting Wave energy pulses of different widths, means for translating pulses of different widths into undulations of various amplitudes, said translating means including a shock-excitable resonant circuit, means for applying the leading and trailing edges of said pulses to said circuit to shock-excite said circuit into damped oscillations, said resonant circuit being tuned to a frequency having a period equal to twice the period of the desired pulse Width so that the trailing edge oi a desired pulse Width imparts greater amplitude to the undulation immediately following it, means for substantially damping out all undulations alter the one immediately followingr the trailing edge of each pulse, and a peak following threshold clipper, having means responsive to the amplitude of the undulations from said translating means for varying its clipping level, to select undulations of the greater amplitude present.

8. In a, sys em for shaping wave energy pulses to a desired width and selecting from wave energy pulses of different widths those pulses of said desired width, a resonant circuit tuned to a fre'-` quency having apericd equal to twice that of the desired pulse Width, nrst means for applying the pulses to be shaped to said circuit, second means for applying to said circuit the pulses from which selection is to be made, control means for determining which of said first and second means is rendered operative, said circuit being excited into oscillation by the applied pulses, and means for segregating portions of the oscillations and delivering them as output pulses.

9. In a system for shaping wave energy pulses to a desired Width and selecting from wave energy pulses of dilerent widths those pulses of said desired width, a resonant circuit adapted to be tuned to a frequency having a period equal to twice that of the desired pulse Width, means for applying with one polarity the pulses to be shaped, and with an opposite polarity the pulses from which selection is to be made, to said circuit to excite said circuit into oscillation, and means for segregating portions of the oscillations and delivering them as output in the form of pulses.

10. In a system for shaping Wave energy pulses to a desired width and selecting wave energy pulses of said desired Width, a limiter circuit for limiting the amplitude of all incoming pulses, said limiter ci -cuit including an electron dis'- charge tube having a control electrode, means for applying to said electrode the pulses to shaped. and means for applying to said electrode the pulses from which selection is to be made, a resonant circuit tuned to a frequency having a period equal to twice that of the desired pulse width, arranged in the anode circuit of said tube and adaptedto be shock-excited by each of said pulses into oscillations, means for substantially damping out portions o! said oscillations, and means for selecting the undulations of greater amplitude produced by the oscillations of said resonant circuit.

11. A Wave energy pulse shaper for translating pulses of a given width to pulses of a dilerent desired width, comprising a resonant circuit tuned to a frequency having a period equal substantially to twice the period of said desired pulse Width, means for applying pulses of said given width to said circuit for exciting said circuit into oscillations, each half cycle of an oscillation having a duration equal to the desired pulse width, and means for delivering at least portions of selected half cycles of said oscillations as out put.

12. A wave energy pulse shaper for translating pulses of a given width into any one of a plurality of pulses of lesser Width, comprising a resonant circuit tunable to a frequency having a period equal substantially to twice the duration of a desired one of said lesser pulse widths, means for applying said pulses of given width to said circuit to excite said circuit into oscillations, means for damping out substantially all but a given first half cycle of each oscillation, and means for delivering at least a portion of said half cycle of oscillation as output.

13. In a system for shaping wave energy pulses to a desired width and selecting from wave energy pulses of different widths those pulses of said desired Width, a resonant circuit tuned to a fre- 18 termining which of said iirst and second means is rendered operative, said circuit being excited into oscillation by the applied pulses and producing undulations varying in amplitude, those undulations produced by pulses of the desired Width having the greater amplitude, and a fixed level threshold clipper adapted to accept only those undulations having said greater amplitude.

DONALD D. GRIEG.

REFERENCES CITED The following references are of record in Ithe le of this patent:

UNITED STATES PATENTS Number Name Date 1,372,425 Hammond. Jr Mar. 22, 1921 2,024,138 Armstrong Dec. 17, 1935 2,045,224 `Gerhard June 23, 1936 2,061,734 Kell Nov. 24, 1936 2,089,639 Bedford Aug. 10, 1937 2,153,202 Nichols Apr. 4, 1939 2,181,309 Andrieu Nov. 28, 1939 2,211,942 White Aug. 20, 1940 2,217,957 Lewis Oct. 15, 1940 2,227,052 White Dec. 31, 1940 2,266,401 Reeves Dec. 16, 1941 2,359,447 Seeley Oct. 3, 1944 2,402,606 Davis June 25, 1946 FOREIGN PATENTS Number Country Date 118,054 Australia Feb. 3, 1944 554,456 Great Britain July 5, 1943 

